1 | Chinese (2022). "Xi Jinping: Raising the Great Banner of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics and Working Together to Comprehensively Build a Modern Socialist Country - Report at the Twentieth National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party (Xi Jinping: Raising the Great Banner of Socialism with Peoples with Chinese Characteristics) Chinese Characteristics and Striving for Unity to Build a Modern Socialist Country in All Aspects – Report at the 20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party)” on October 25. http://www. gov.cn/xinw-en/2022-10/25/content_5721685.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
2 | Xinhua (2016). “The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council released the draft National Strategy for Innovation-Driven Development on May 19. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2016-05/19/content_5074812.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
3 | ITU (2006). "National program for medium- and long-term scientific and technological development (2006-2020)". An overview of the State Council of the People's Republic of China. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/China_2006.pdf. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
4 | State Council (2015) “State Council for Issuing the “Made in China 2025” Notice (State Council for Issuing the Made in China 2025 Notice), May 8. http://www.gov. cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2015-05/19/content_9784.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
5 | The following sources were used for the graphic on page [page number]: Naughton, Barry (2022). "The Rise of China's Industrial Policy: 1978 to 2020" https://ucigcc.org/publication/the-rise-of-chinas-industrial-policy-1978-to-2020/. Accessed December 13, 2022; National System of Scientific and Technological Information, Platform of Public Services https://service.most. gov.cn/kjjh_tztg_all/. Accessed December 13, 2022; National Science Foundation of China (2022). "NSFC at a Glance". https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/about/6.html. Accessed December 13, 2022; Weinstein, Emily S. and others. (2022). "China's Central Government Laboratory System: An Insight into China's Innovation System" Data Letter from the Center for Security and New Technologies. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/chinas-state-key-laboratory-system/. Accessed December 13, 2022; China Central Television (CCTV). 2021. "New Development Impetus with Focus on National Demonstration Zones for Indigenous Innovation". Accessed December 13, 2022; Xinhua. 2021. “169 HIDZ GDP reached CNY 12.14 trillion” June 3. https://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2021-06/03/c_1127525439.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022; Center for Security and New Technologies. 2020. “Pilot Zone Construction for Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development and Innovation” https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/guidelines-for-national-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-innovation-and-development-pilot -construction -workspace/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
6 | The following sources were used for the graphic on page [page number]: Naughton, Barry (2022). "The Rise of China Industrial Policy: 1978 to 2020" https://ucigcc.org/publication/the-rise-of-chinaindustriel-policy-1978-to-2020/. Accessed December 13, 2022; National Scientific and Technological Information System, Public Service Platform https://service.most.gov.cn/kjjh_tztg_all/. Accessed December 13, 2022; National Science Foundation of China (2022). "NSFC at a Glance". https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/about/6.html. Accessed December 13, 2022; Weinstein, Emily S. and others. (2022). "China's Central Government Laboratory System: An Insight into China's Innovation System" Data Letter from the Center for Security and New Technologies. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/chinas-state-key-laboratory-system/. Accessed December 13, 2022; China Central Television (CCTV). 2021. “New Development Impetus Focusing on National Demonstration Zones for Indigenous Innovation” Accessed: December 13, 2022; Xinhua. 2021. “The GDP of
169 HIDZ reached 12.14 trillion CNY. The total output value of 169 national high-tech zones reached 12.14 trillion yuan. 3rd of June. https://www.xinhuanet.com/tech/2021-06/03/c_1127525439.htm. December 13, 2022. Center for Security and Emerging Technologies. 2020. "Construction work of the generation Artificial Intelligence Development and Innovation Pilot Zone" https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/guidelines-for-national-new-generation- artificial-intelligenz-innovation-und-entwicklung-pilotzone- Construction/ Accessed December 13, 2022.
7 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and others (2021). "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" for the Development of the Robotics Industry, Dec. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-28/12/5664988/files/7cee5d915efa463ab9e7be82228759fb.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2022.
8 | China Automation Society Expert Advisory Board (2022). Expanding manufacturing "national team" this time to the Northeast finally on the list)" November 15. http://gkong.com/item/news/2022/11/110091.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
9 | Shenyang Institute of Automation Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Institute of Automation (2022). Location. http://english.sia.cas.cn/. Accessed December 13, 2022.
10 | This specific project relates to the national R&D key project 2017YFF0107800 (Comprehensive Performance Tester for Industrial Robots). SIA), the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS) and Northeastern University.
11 | Shenyang Xinsong Robotics Automation Company Limited (2021). "2021 First Quarter Full Report (2021 First Quarter Full Report)." April 29 https://static.cninfo.com.cn/finalpage/2021-04-29/1209852801.PDF. Accessed December 13, 2022.
12 | Xinhua News Agency Xinhua News Agency (2015) "Implementation Plan for Deepening Reform of Science and Technology System (Deepening Reform of Science and Technology System)", September 24. http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2015-24/09/content_2938314.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
13 | Council of State (2021). "Guidance of the General Office of the State Council on the Improvement of the Scientific and Technological Achievement Evaluation Mechanism" July 16. http://www.gov.cn/zhence/content/2021-08/02/content_5628987.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
14 | Previous programs have included funding for basic research (the 973 program), high technology (the 863 program), support for science and technology, international cooperation in science and technology, industrial research and development, and public benefit industrial research.
15 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2016). "Launching and Implementing a National Key R&D Program" Press Conference: Summary of Text: Short Transcript, February 16. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/press-conference-on-the-launchand-implementation-of-the-national-key-rd-program-summary-transcript/. Consulted: December 13, 2022.
16 | National Science Foundation of China (2022). "NSFC at a Glance". https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/english/site_1/about/6.html. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
17 | Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Science and Technology (2021). "Notice of the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Science and Technology on the Issuance of Fund Management Measures of the State R&D Key Program" of September 29. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-01/10/content_5640704.htm Accessed December 13
2022.
18 | Shenyang Institute of Automation (2021). „National Key R&D Program Project“ Key Technology Research and Application Demonstration of Police Unmanned Platform „Police Conduct Application Demonstration“)“ 2. Juni. http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/xwxx/kydt/202106/t20210602_641915.html. Zugriff am: 13. Dezember 2022.
19 | Wang, Honggang et al. (2021). "Fast Tag Identification for Mobile RFID Robots in Manufacturing Environments". Assembly Automation 41(3): 292-301.
20 | Council of State (2019). "Li Keqiang: The root of the 'neck' problem is a weakness in basic research (Li Keqiang: The root of the 'neck' problem is a weakness in basic research)" September 4th. http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2019-09/04/content_5427011.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
21 | National Statistics Office (2022). "Statistical Bulletin of the People's Republic of China on National Economic and Social Development in 2021". February 28.html. Accessed December 21, 2022.
22 | This also includes jointly built laboratories. Wen Wei Po (2021). "Heavy hit! These Key State Labs are being simplified and reorganized! (Heavy hit! These Key State Labs are being simplified and reorganized!)” July 12th. https://www.163.com/dy/article/GENRSH2S05506BEH.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
23 | Weinstein, Emily S. and others. (2022). "China's Central Government Laboratory System: An Insight into China's Innovation System" Data Letter from the Center for Security and New Technologies. https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/chinas-state-key-laboratory-system/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
24 | Laha, Michael (2022). "How China plans to avoid technical bottlenecks", 26 September. https://cset.georgetown.edu/article/how-china-plans-to-engineer-its-way-out-of-technologystrangeholds/ . Accessed: December 13, 2022.
25 | Council of State (2009). "New China Archives: Launch of the State Key Laboratory Program" October 20. http://www.gov.cn/test/2009-10/20/content_1443999.htm. Consulted: December 13, 2022.
26 | Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance (2018). "Opinions of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance on Strengthening the Construction and Development of Key State Laboratories)" June 22. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc http://www.ce.cn/xwzx/gnsz/gdxw/202208/29/t20220829_38066270.shtml Accessed December 13, 2022
27 | Ministry of Education (2022). “Opinions on Strengthening Organized Scientific Research in Higher Education to Promote Self-Reliance and High-Level Self-Improvement” August 29. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202208/t20220829_656091.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
28 | Xinhua News Agency Xinhua News Agency (2021). “Outline of the Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and Vision 2035), March 13. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/13/content_5592681.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
29 | Normal University of Guangxi (2022). "President He Zubin visited the State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Molecular Engineering on March 22." hmmm Accessed December 13, 2022. Changshu Office of Science and Technology (2022). National Key Laboratory (Ocean Power! Changshu Hengtong Ocean is doing all kinds of things
to build a key national laboratory)” March 4th. http://kjj.suzhou.gov.cn/szkj/sxdt/202203/99819e-09fab54350a302a3d999302454.shtml. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
30 | Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry of Finance (2018). "Opinions of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Finance on Strengthening the Construction and Development of Key State Laboratories)," June 22. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc /gfxwj /gfxwj2018/201806/t20180625_140289.html.
Accessed: December 13, 2022.
31 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2012). "Preliminary Administrative Methods for Entrusting Enterprises to Establish Major State Laboratories" June 5th. . Accessed August 22, 2022
32 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2017). "2016 Annual Report for Enterprise-Based Key Government Laboratories" Dec. Accessed June 6, 2022.
33 | Xinhua News Agency Xinhua News Agency (2021). The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued the National Standardization Development Outline on October 10. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-10/10/content_5641727.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
34 | Department of Supervision and Examination of Chinese Academy of Sciences Department of Supervision and Examination of Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021). Interpretation #2 of Guiding Opinions on Improving the Evaluation Mechanism of Scientific and Technological Achievements) August 11. https://www.jianshen.cas.cn/kyns/zdjd/zdjd/202108/t20210811_4801694.html. Accessed December 21, 2022.
35 | Tollefson, Jeff (2018). "China Named World's Largest Producer of Scientific Papers: Report reveals growing international competition but suggests the United States remains a scientific powerhouse." Nature 553 (390). https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-00927-4. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
36 | Brainard, Jeffrey, and Dennis Normile (2022). "China Rises to the Top in Most Cited Articles: Other Methods of Assessing Scientific Skills Still Put the US A Bit Ahead." Science 377 (6608). https://www.science.org/content/article/china-rises-first-place-most-cited-papers. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
37 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and others (2021). "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan" for the Development of the Robotics Industry, Dec. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-28/12/5664988/files/7cee5d915efa463ab9e7be82228759fb.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2022.
38 | Key State Robotics Laboratory (2015). "Introduction to State Key Robotics Laboratory" http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/sysjj/sysgk/201503/t20150302_281724. html Access date: December 13, 2022.
39 | Key State Robotics Laboratory. “Permanent Employee” http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/yjdw/kydw/gdry/. Accessed December 13, 2022.
40 | Key State Robotics Laboratory. "Member of State Key Robotics Laboratory Academic Committee" http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/sysjj/xswyh/. Accessed December 13, 2022.
41 | Economic Herald of the 21st Century Economic Herald of the 21st Century (2016). that another Google could be born in the field of a new generation of intelligent robots)” December 6th. .html. Accessed December 14, 2022
42 | Xidian University (2012). "ISN Key State Laboratory passed 2012 Information Field Laboratory Assessment with good marks (ISN Key State Laboratory passed 2012 Information Field Laboratory Assessment with good marks)" Dec. https://ste1.xidian.edu.cn/info/1063/ 4719. hmmm Accessed December 13, 2022.
43 | China Science Daily Update. "Human-Machine Fusion, Harmony Though Different, Enters Key Robotics State Laboratory" https://www.cas.cn/zkyzs/2020/07/258/cmsm/202007/t20200721_4753725.shtml December 14, 2022 . . . .
44 | Key State Robotics Laboratory (2017). "List of Representative Academic Works" http://rlab.sia.cas.cn/kycg/fblw/201503/t20150303_281967.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
45 | Scharfe Wissenschaft und Technologie (2018). „Ministry of Science and Technology: Notice on the Disclosure of the Results of the Evaluation of the State Key Laboratory in the Field of Information in 2017)“ 15. Januar. https://www.nsfc.gov.cn/csc/20340 / 20289/ 20808/index.html Zugriff am: 13. Dezember 2022.
46 | Qian, Junxi et al. (2020). "Science Citation Index (SCI) and Scientific Rating System in China". Humanities and Social Sciences Communication 7 (108): 1-4.
47 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2022) "The Ministry of Science and Technology held a meeting to promote the high-quality development of national high-tech zones and high-tech enterprises" August 15. https://www. most.gov.cn/kjbgz/202208/t20220815_181880.html. Accessed December 15, 2022
48 | Heilmann, Sebastian, Lea Shih and Andreas Hofem (2013). "National Planning and Local Technology Zones: Experimental Governance in China's Torch Program". China Quarterly 216: 896-919.
49 | Council of State (2020). "State Council Statements on Promoting High-Quality Development of National High-Tech Industrial Development Zones," July 17. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2020-07/17/content_5527765.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
50 | Ministry of Science and Technology Torch Center (2022). “Notice of Printing and Distribution of “Key Working Items of Ministry of Science and Technology Torch Center” in 2022”) March 30. http://www.chinatorch.gov.cn/kjb/tzgg/202203/02c70f50e998408cb9429ce894bc3292.shtml. Accessed December 15, 2022
51 | Torch High-Tech Industry Development Center Ministry of Science and Technology: http://www.chinatorch.gov.cn/english/. Accessed: December 15, 2022.
52 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2022). "National High-Tech Zone "Stable Growth, High-Quality Development" Press Conference - Transcript" September 15. https://www.most.gov.cn/xwzx/twzb/fbh22091401/twzbwzsl/202209/t20220915_182417.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
53 | CCID Group China Electronic Information Industry Development Research Institute (2022). "Top 100 Parks | Ten Years of Development of China's Park Economy (Top 100 Parks | Ten Years of Development of China's Park Economy)" https://www.ccidgroup.com/info/1105/34994.htm. Accessed August 19, 2022.
54 | Journal of Science and Technology Journal of Science and Technology (2021). “How does the national high-tech zone act as a pioneer of the new development concept? Expert: How does the national high-tech zone act as a pioneer of the new development concept? Experts: Take on the Responsibility and Mission of Self-Sufficiency and Personal Improvement in Science and Technology), December 17. http://stdaily.com/index/kejixinwen/2021-12/17/content_1239715.
shtml. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
55 | Yang, Lingfan and others. (2022). "Restructuring for Growth in Developing Zones, China: A Systematic Literature and Policy Review (1984-2022)" Country 11 (972): 1-32.
56 | National Development and Reform Commission (2017). "Notice from the Ministry of Science and Technology on the Printing and Distribution of the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National High-Technology Industrial Development Zones" on May 31. https://www. ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/lywzjw/wstz/201705/t20170531_1046781.html?code=&state=123 Access:
December 13, 2022.
57 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2021). "Communiqué from the Department of Science and Technology on the Printing and Distribution of the Integral Evaluation Index System of National High-Technology Industrial Development Zones, April 26. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2021/202104/t20210429_174232.html.
Accessed: August 8, 2022.
58 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2022). "Communiqué of the Ministry of Science and Technology on the Printing and Distribution of the National Development Plan of the High-Tech Industrial Development Zone" of November 9. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2022/202211/t20221109_183360.html. Access:
December 13, 2022.
59 | Ministry of Science and Technology (2017). "Notice from the Ministry of Science and Technology on the Printing and Distribution of Guidelines for the Construction of National Technological Innovation Centers" November 23. https://www.most.gov.cn/xxgk/xinxifenlei/fdzdgknr/fgzc/gfxwj/gfxwj2017/201711/t20171123_136430.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
60 | Nanfang Daily Nanfang Daily (2021). "The provincial party committee and provincial government issued the "Guangdong Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Corridor Plan" on December 1. https://www.gd.gov.cn/zwgk/zcjd/snzcsd/content/post_82185.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
61 | Beijing Daily Beijing Daily (2021). "Construction plan of the Beijing International Center for Scientific and Technological Innovation for the period of the "14. Five-Year Plan,” November 24. http://bj.people.com.cn/n2/2021/1124/c349239-35019383.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
62 | Beijing People's Government Website Beijing People's Government Website (2021). "Beijing "14th five-year plan" Period Construction Plan for the International Center for Scientific and Technological Innovation" November 24. https://www.ncsti.gov.cn/kjdt/lqjs/sjwj/202111/t20211124_51855.html. Accessed December 15, 2022.
63 | Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Press Center Weibo Account 工信微报 - Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Press Center (2022). The 10th press conference of the series "Industrial and Information Technology Development in the New Age" was held today, which presented the coordinated regional development of my country's manufacturing industry over the past ten years //www.ncsti.gov.cn/kjdt/xwjj / 202209/t20220923_98504.html Accessed: December 13, 2022 China News Weekly China News Weekly (2022) The expansion of manufacturing "national team" The expansion of manufacturing "national team" this time to Northeast is finally on the list" November 8 https ://news.sina.com.cn/c/2022-11-08/doc-imqmmthc3731705.shtml?cre=tianyi&tr=181 Accessed December 13, 2022.
64 | Tencent Online 腾讯网(2021). “Shenyang's new plan has been released, revealing that these areas will be the focus of development! (Shenyang's new plan has been released, revealing that these areas will be the focus of development!)” December 28th. https://new.qq.com/omn/20211228/20211228A013BT00.html. Accessed December 13, 2022.
65 | News from the People's Republic of China (2021). "Shenyang Hunnan Science and Technology City will become the main support area for the construction of Liaoning Laboratory." June 8. https://www.chinanews.com.cn/cj/2021/06-08/9495349.shtml. Retrieved December 13
66 | HKTDC survey (2019). "China (Liaoning) Free Trade Pilot Zone" Oct. 2. https://research.hktdc.com/en/data-and-profiles/mcpc/freetradezones/liaoning-free-trade-zone. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
67 | Creemers, Rogier et al. (2020). "Translation: Xi Jinping's September 2020 Speech on Science and Technology Development" September 2022. https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinpings-sept-2020-speech-onscience-and-technology-development-translation / . Accessed: December 13, 2022.
68 | Murphy, Ben et al. (2021). "Xi Jinping: 'Strive to Become the World's Leading Science and Innovation Center'", March 18. https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinping-strive-to-become-the-worlds-primary-center-for-science-and-high-field-for-innovation/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
69 | Creemers, Rogier et al. (2020). "Translation: Xi Jinping's September 2020 Speech on Scientific and Technological Development," Sept. 22. https://digichina.stanford.edu/work/xi-jinpings-sept-2020-speech-onscience-and-technology-development-translation/ . Accessed: December 13, 2022.
70 | Qiushi (2022). "Accelerate building a strong country in science and technology to achieve a high level of self-confidence and scientific and technological improvement," April 30. http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2022-04/30/c_1128607366.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.
71 | ibid.
72 | National System of Scientific and Technological Information, Public Service Platform National System of Scientific and Technological Information Management Platform of Public Services. https://service.most.gov.cn/kjjh_tztg_all/. Accessed December 13, 2022.
73 | The keywords we used were 'robot', 'exoskeleton', 'gear', 'automation' and 'man-machine'.
74 | China State Key Laboratory System Map by Emily S. Weinstein et al. (2022). https://skl-map.cset.tech/. Accessed: December 13, 2022.
75 | National Development and Reform Commission et al. (2018). "China Development Zone Review Announcement Catalogue" (2018 Edition)" http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2018-12/31/content_5434045.htm. Accessed December 13, 2022.